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[原创] Two Republics in China
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Aust Winner 澳洲长风论坛总目录 -> Multi Languages Section 双语作品、西方文学
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海外逸士

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加入时间: 2005/11/08
文章: 1956
来自: America
积分: 10755


文章时间: 2019-11-03 周日, 下午9:01    标题: 引用回复

The Outbreak of the Sino–Japanese War, Or the Anti-Japanese War

The double 7s event—Lugou Bridge event

At 7:30PM on the 7th of July (07/07), 1937, the Japanese army, stationed at the other side of Lugou Bridge over the Yongding River (with the Chinese army on this side of the bridge), 15 km from Peking, began to exercise, conducting a sham battle in the deserted fields under their control close to Wanping Town. (Wanping had been founded in 1540 in the Ming Dynasty as a satellite town for the defense of Peking.) At about 12:40 that night, reports of gun shots were heard by the Chinese soldiers across the river. Japanese officers said that a soldier in their army had gone missing in the exercise and they heard reports of guns, so the soldier must have been killed by Chinese soldiers. On this pretext they tried to come into Wanping town to search for him. The Chinese army guarding the town, of course, refused their request, answering that everyone in the town was asleep and must not be disturbed, and besides, no Chinese soldier had fired a shot. Therefore, at 5 o’clock in the morning on July 8, they opened fire on the defensive Chinese army at this side of the bridge and also blasted the town with artillery. The Chinese army had to fight back. Historians consider this is the event that lit the fuse of the Sino–Japanese War.
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文章时间: 2019-11-04 周一, 下午9:26    标题: 引用回复

Next day, the Communist Party sent out a public telegram to call on people to resist the Japanese invaders. And Chiang Kai-shek made a speech, saying, “No matter where you are, in the south or in the north, no matter who you are, old or young, everyone has the responsibility to resist, everyone must be determined to make a sacrifice.” in the previous six years Chiang Kai-shek had stuck to a policy of not fighting the Japanese because he was not confident they could achieve the final victory, and he needed time to prepare. He had hired German advisors to train his officers and soldiers up to German standards. He stored ammunition and expanded his air force. He communicated with England, the US and Russia seeking diplomatic support. Though he lacked the self-confidence to win the war, he foresaw that the final victory belonged to China. As a small country, however strong militarily, Japan could never occupy such a big country like China.
In the first two days of fighting, Japan could see that they were not going to take the bridge easily. So they proposed peace talks to make time to gather more troops. Japan maneuvered its army from Korea and northeastern China to where the battles were, amassing 400,000 troops. On July 9, 11 and 19, peace agreements were signed three times, but they were useless, only serving to numb the Chinese army with a false outlook of peace.
On July 25, the Japanese army suddenly attacked the Chinese army stationed at Langfang, and 14 Japanese airplanes raided the barracks of the Chinese army. At noon on July 26, the Japanese army occupied Langfang. Then Japan demanded the Chinese army to withdraw from the region of Peking and Tianjin City, a demand that was of course rejected. At 1:00AM on July 26, a Japanese regiment started from Tianjin City and arrived at Fengtai, close to Peking, at 2:00PM. They asked to enter Peking to protect their citizens in the city. They were permitted in. When just half of the regiment was inside the city gates, the Chinese army fired at them. The regiment was cut in two, half inside and half outside the city. The inside half escaped to the embassy area, into the Japanese barracks in the Japanese embassy. The other half returned to Fengtai. On July 28, the Japanese army started to assault Peking. Chinese army resisted and suffered huge sacrifices. In the night of July 28, the Chinese army had to retreat from Peking. The next day, Japan took Peking, and the day after, Tianjin City fell into their hands as well.
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文章时间: 2019-11-06 周三, 下午10:05    标题: 引用回复

The 8/13 event—battle in Shanghai

In southern China, Japan wanted to occupy Shanghai. On August 9, two Japanese mariners in Shanghai drove a car and trespassed into the Hongqiao airport area to fire guns, but they were shot dead by the Chinese guards. On August 13, Japanese mariners following their tanks attacked the Chinese army stationed along the Songhu railway, but they were beaten. On August 14, the national government made a statement calling for self-defense in resistance of Japan. The statement was really a general mobilization order to all Chinese people. The central national government organized several military blocs to defend Shanghai. On August 15, the Japanese government issued a statement, too, saying that in order to punish the Chinese army for its rash action and to urge the Nanking government not to take severe steps, the Japanese government had to resort to war. They sent more troops by sea to the Shanghai area. In joint action with the mariners, the Japanese army planned to occupy the strategically important zone in the north of Shanghai.
Chiang Kai-shek divided the warring area into five zones. Shanghai was in the third zone. On August 17, the Chinese army counterattacked and the 87th division took the Japanese sailors’ club. The 88th division fought Japanese troops in Hongkou park. The two divisions jointly broke through the Japanese defensive line to Huishan wharf. At the same time, the Chinese air force attacked that of Japan and also their warships. They downed 47 Japanese airplanes and sank one Japanese cruiser. Two divisions sailed from Japan to the eastern region of Shanghai, arriving on the 22nd. And on the 23rd, they landed at Wusong district. On August 24, the Chinese 15th military bloc entered Shanghai and assailed the two Japanese divisions just as they were setting foot on land. On September 1, a thousand Japanese soldiers attacked the Chinese cannon site and both had heavy casualties. Japan gathered 30 warships to support their army in an attack at Baoshan.
After September 11, Chiang Kai-shek himself took the command of the third zone. From then till the beginning of October, the Japanese army increased to 200,000 strong. But they did not have a decisive advantage over the Chinese army till early November. At dawn on November 5, under the cover of heavy fog and lifted by the rising tide, Japanese army landed at Hangzhou Bay. On November 6, they took Jinshan and used a vise strategy to attack the Chinese army from two sides. On November 8, under such unfavorable conditions, Chiang had to give order to retreat. On November 9, the Japanese army occupied Songjiang Town and on November 12 they took Shanghai. During the battles, the people of Shanghai had contributed 3.3 million yuan to support the Chinese army.
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文章时间: 2019-11-08 周五, 下午9:47    标题: 引用回复

The battles in Shanxi province

The Japanese army from north marched toward Pingxing Pass in Shanxi province on the 24th of September, 1937, but the Chinese army was lying in wait for them. A Japanese regiment entered the ambush zone and was annihilated. On September 29, the Japanese army broke through the Chinese army’s defensive line at Ruyuekou and attacked the rear of Chinese army at Pingxing Pass. The Chinese army had to beat a retreat to Taiyuan City, capital of Shanxi province. Qikou was an important strategic place, the gate to Taiyuan. On October 14, the Japanese army used a vise ruse to attack Qikou from two wings, but met with strong resistance. There were heavy casualties on both sides. On October 21, the Japanese army sent a division to attack Niangzi Pass with the intention of going in as an indirect route to take Taiyuan from the north side. On October 26, a Japanese division sent a detachment to go round to the back of the Chinese army defending Niangzi Pass. The Chinese army in the Pass had to withdraw. The Japanese army took Niangzi Pass and chased the retreating Chinese to Yangquan. Then the Japanese army occupied Yangquan and marched toward Shouyang, closer to Taiyuan, on the 2nd of November.
Another Japanese military bloc took a different route and took Xiyang on its way to Taiyuan on November 2. The two Japanese blocs converged on Taiyuan. On November 3, the Japanese 5th bloc reached the northern edges of Taiyuan. On November 5, the Japanese broke through the Chinese defensive line and approached the city wall on November 6. In the meantime, the Japanese 20th military bloc penetrated the Chinese defensive line in the southern perimeter. On November 7, the Japanese army surrounded Taiyuan and on the 8th they began an onslaught on the city; at night they entered the city from the northern side. The Chinese army had to escape and then the Japanese army took the whole city.
In February of 1938, the Japanese 108th military bloc took Dongyang Pass and then another two towns. In early March, more towns were taken. By then all the important cities and towns in Shanxi province had fallen into the hands of Japan. Out of 105 cities and towns in Shanxi province, 102 of them were occupied by Japanese army.
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文章时间: 2019-11-10 周日, 下午9:25    标题: 引用回复

The slaughter in Nanking

By October 1937, Nanking, the capital of the national government, was exposed to the attack of Japanese army. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek decided to set up a temporary capital in Chongqing City in Sichuan province in southwestern China, at a safe distance from the Japanese army.
At first some generals persisted in defending Nanking at any cost. So the national government gathered 100,000 soldiers for that purpose. No matter, as Japanese army approached Nanking, the government at last had to declare that the government was moving to Chongqing City on the 20th of November. Government offices, universities and schools moved inland, one after another. Even residents of the city escaped from Nanking. In June, there were 1,015,000 residents in the city, but in December, only 468,000 or 568,000 remained. On the 20th of December, for humanitarian reasons, over 20 Westerners were still there organizing the international committee of the Nanjing safety zone to take in and protect refugees.
The Chinese national government recognized their efforts and supplied them with cash, food and police protection. Japan was far from pleased, but declared that if there were no Chinese soldiers hiding there, they would not attack it. But after they took the city, their soldiers forced entry into the zone, stealing private belongings, raping women and arresting and killing young men. Several times the international committee made protests to the Japanese embassy and Japanese army authorities, but in vain. During this slaughter, the committee protected 250,000 refugees. On the 18th of February, 1938, the organization was renamed the Nanking international rescue committee, acting only in a rescue role. By June, it was closed entirely.
On the 7th of November, Tokyo gave orders to limit the action of the Japanese army to the east of Suzhou and Jiaxing region. But the army ignored the order and pursued the retreating Chinese army, intending to occupy Nanking. They advanced quickly as no Chinese army fought them on the way. Seeing this, Tokyo issued orders to take Nanking on December 1.
The Japanese army marched so fast that their supply units were left far behind. When they were approaching Nanking, food was scarce. The soldiers pillaged the Chinese villages for anything edible and wantonly violated women. To cover their crimes, they even slew all the people in the village and burned everything. As they came to Nanking, at least 30,000 Chinese people were killed along the way. It was a rehearsal for the slaughter in Nanking.
On December 8, the Japanese army took all the defensive sites outside Nanking. The worst battle took place at Yuhua Terrace outside the city. Two Chinese brigades were guarding the place. From December 9–11, the Japanese army kept on sending reinforcements for the attack, aided by their artillery and air raids, until every Chinese soldier was killed. When the Japanese troops reached the terrace, no one was alive. Then the Japanese army cleared all the defensive lines outside the city, and the Chinese army in the city had to retreat. On December 13, the Japanese army entered the city. Some Chinese soldiers who did not have time to escape stripped off their uniforms and disguised themselves as civilians. Some ten thousand Chinese were taken captive. They were all killed on instructions from the Japanese army authorities. They also searched for other Chinese soldiers in disguise. Anyone they suspected was killed. Many of them were really unarmed civilians. They even murdered old people and children. They killed all the women they had raped.
On December 13, 1937, a Japanese newspaper, Tokyo nichi nichi (mainichi shimbun), reported that two Japanese officers, Mukai Ming and Noda Takeshi, had a competition to see who could kill more Chinese people. Encouraged by their superiors, they declared that whoever was first to kill 100 Chinese people was a hero. They practiced this slaying from Gourong to Tangshan, and Mukai Ming killed 89 while Noda Takeshi killed 78. Certainly, we can all agree they were not heroes. However, the competition continued. When they met at Mt. Zinjin, both had dented the blades of their swords. Noda Takeshi said that he had killed 105 and Mukai Ming said that he had killed 106. However, there was no witness. So they started the competition anew, aiming at 150. The newspaper ran pictures with captions. Both these brave men were executed in Nanking for their crimes after the surrender of Japan.
Statistics show that during the two months the Japanese occupied Nanking, about 80,000 women were raped, some of them pregnant, from girls as young as 12 to women as old as 65. Many died after the violence. They raped women right in front of their families. Many people were buried alive. The victims were forced by the Japanese soldiers to dig their own pits. During the six weeks of the occupation, 23.8% of structures inside and outside the city were destroyed by fire, 63% had been plundered and 88.5% were structurally damaged. They used military trucks to carry away their loot. By some estimates, 26,584 antique curios or artifacts were missing, such as bronze wares from the Shang Dynasty (1765–1122 BC), along with 7,720 paintings and 45,979 valuable books. Some 109,000 casualties were found and buried. The Nanking branch of the World Red Swastika Society gave out statistics in 1945 claiming that from December 22, 1937 to October 30, 1938, they found and buried 43,123 bodies—1,793 inside the city and 41,330 outside the city, including 75 women and 20 children. Those statistics were from just one organization. The victims totaled 300,000 in all.
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文章时间: 2019-11-11 周一, 下午9:21    标题: 引用回复

The battles in Shandong province

Now the Japanese army occupied the north of China and also Shanghai and the Nanking area. What more could they want? Well, the Shandong province, which is between the northern provinces and the southern area. Shandong province was then still under the control of the Chinese army. Xuzhou City was a place of strategic importance. So battles were waged in its vicinity and expanding into adjoining provinces. If the Japanese army occupied Xuzhou, they could go west along the Longhai railway to attack Zhengzhou in Henan province and then go south along the Pinghan railway to attack Wuhan in Hubei province. So the Japanese army came down from the north and came up from the south.
At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Han Fuju, the chairman of the government of Shandong province, was ordered to take charge of the defensive line along the Yellow River and prevent the Japanese army from crossing the river. But when the Japanese army rushed down upon him from the north, he fled as if to open the gate and invite the enemy in. The Japanese army easily crossed the river. In early March 1938, they occupied JiNan, the capital of Shandong province.
On the 26th of January, 1938, the 13th division of the Japanese army marched from the south towards Fengyang and Bangbu in Anhui province. The Chinese army stationed there, after efforts at resistance, fell back towards the west. On the 3rd of February, the Japanese division took Linhuai Pass and Bangbu. On February 9–10, the 13th division crossed the Huai River to the north. The 51st Chinese army stationed itself on the north bank and fought the Japanese army.
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文章时间: 2019-11-14 周四, 上午2:12    标题: 引用回复

Between March 1–17, the Japanese army attacked Teng Town in the southern Shandong province. On March 14, the battle reached its climax. The Japanese army used 30 cannons. On March 17, Teng Town was lost.
Meanwhile in late February, the Japanese 5th military bloc came down to the south, after taking over a few towns, and approached Linqi Town where the 40th army of the national government held the defense. Then the 59th Chinese army came for reinforcement. From February 14 to 18, the 59th Chinese army attacked the Japanese bloc from the rear and one wing. The Japanese had to retreat this time, leaving behind heavy casualties.
On March 20 a Japanese brigade, after taking a few towns, approached TaiEr village area, which was the front defensive line to Xuzhou. The brigade attacked alone without waiting for the 5th division and another brigade of their army; they were supposed to break through the defensive lines on the left wing and on the right wing. From March 24, the Japanese army assailed fiercely. The 2nd Chinese military bloc held the line. Then the 20th Chinese bloc attacked the Japanese army from behind. The 59th Chinese army arrived in time to contribute their endeavors. They surrounded the Japanese army. The 10th Japanese corps was wiped out and the 5th Japanese corps was put to rout. It was the first and only time that the Chinese army defeated the Japanese army in the early period of Anti-Japanese War.
Anyway, Japan aimed at taking Xuzhou. On the 18th of April, two Japanese divisions attacked the 20th, the 3rd and the 59th Chinese armies. On the 5th of May, the main forces of the Japanese army divided into two detachments and went from west side of Xuzhou to the north and south sides of the city, intending to surround it. On May 14, the 14th Japanese division came from Puyang in Henan province, and crossing the Yellow River, occupied Heze. On May 15, the Japanese army surrounded Xuzhou. So under the command of Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese army in Xuzhou broke through the circle and escaped to the mountainous area in Henan and Anhui provinces. Xuzhou was at length taken by the Japanese army on May 19.
Now the Japanese army marched west along the Longhai railway and on the 6th of June occupied Kaifeng City in Henan province. To prevent the Japanese army from any further advance, Chiang ordered his men to blow up the south dike of the Yellow River at Huayuankou on May 9, on the northeastern side of Zhengzhou in Henan province. The water from the river flooded south and the Japanese army had to flee eastward. Thus ended the battles in Shandong province. Han Fuju was executed for running away from the battlefield and allowing the Japanese to cross the Yellow River unopposed.
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文章时间: 2019-11-15 周五, 下午9:30    标题: 引用回复

The battles at Wuhan City area
After taking Nanking, the Japanese army wanted to conquer China in three months with blitzkrieg attacks like Hitler did in Europe. They marched along the Yangtze River towards Wuhan, gathering large numbers of troops, amounting to 300,000 strong. If they took Wuhan, half of China would be in their possession. But they neglected to consider that even so, they only occupied the cities and towns in this half of China, not the whole area. They had no manpower to control the countryside. As they pushed forward, they had to leave some of their troops to guard the cities and towns they had captured. And so they could use less and less troops, and then there were those lost in battle. Poor strategy.
The Chinese army totaled 1,100,000 in defense. The whole defensive line extended for 250 miles. The fighting went on for four and a half months, the longest in terms of time and the largest in scale of all the battles between Japan and China. The Japanese casualties were 35,500 while those of the Chinese army were 256,000. After that, the Japanese did not have enough forces in China to make the lightning attacks they preferred; now they had to change their strategy and concentrate on keeping a hold on what they had secured so far.
On the night of the 11th of June, 1938, a Japanese brigade, under the cover of a rainy night, gave a surprise attack and took Anqin the following day. Anqin was the first defensive spot en route to Wuhan. Then they went west by water, riding their warships. In late June, they arrived at Madang, where the Chinese army had built a strong defensive line. Chiang Kai-shek hoped that this line could block their advance for at least one month.
At first, the Japanese army wanted to get through the line by water. On June 22, they approached Madang and found that the water was full up mines, sunken ships, and artificial reefs so that their warships could not go through. They had to advance by land and break through the line through the mountainous areas.
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文章时间: 2019-11-17 周日, 下午9:33    标题: 引用回复

Li Yunheng, the Chinese commander in charge of the defense in Madang, wished to show that he was a clever general—without realizing how serious the situation was. He organized a training class for officers in charge of regiments, battalions, companies and platoons in his army for two weeks starting on June 10. And at 8 o’clock in the morning June 24, he thought he would hold a ceremony marking the completion of the class. So on the 23rd, all the officers went to the headquarters and stayed there for the ceremony next morning. Someone in the training class was spying for the Japanese and gave this information to the Japanese army. So they sent surprise squads to attack some of the fortresses along the front. As there were no officers to direct the action of the soldiers, there was chaos and the squads took the fortresses easily. But when the squads went on to attack Changshan, they encountered strong resistance, because the officers there had refused to attend the ceremony. The fight lasted for two days and the Chinese troops were short of ammunition and telegrammed headquarters. The 167th division was sent as reinforcement. But Xue Weiying, the commander of this division, was a coward and approached slowly to avoid being killed in the battle. At dawn on the 26th, the Japanese squads stole through a thick patch of reeds to attack another frontier post. They used poisonous gas and killed all the defensive soldiers there. Then the Japanese army cleared all mines in the water by firing at them and got rid of other barriers. They shipped mariners to attack Changshan and broke through the defensive line there. The Chinese defense had to withdraw out of Madang and the Japanese army occupied it. Madang was the ‘gate’ in the middle of the Yangtze River to Wuhan. Commander Li Yunheng was severely punished and the division leader Xue Weiying was executed for neglect of his duties.
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文章时间: 2019-11-18 周一, 下午9:37    标题: 引用回复

After taking Madang, the Japanese army continued west. On the 29th of June, they took Pengze. Under orders from Wuhan headquarters, the 64th Chinese army came in hopes of taking back the town, but it was defeated and chased to Hukou, which was soon taken by the Japanese army on the 4th of July. The 64th Chinese army then went to Jiujiang, which was situated by the Poyang Lake. On July 22, the Japanese army attacked the city. At dawn on July 23, the Japanese army stole into the lake in the rain and set foot on the shore at noon. The Chinese defensive army did not see them coming. They spotted the enemy and reported to headquarters only at 4 o’clock. By then, the Japanese army had surrounded the city. The Chinese army inside had to fight through the circle and escape. The city fell into the hands of the Japanese army on July 24.
The next goal of the Japanese army was Tianjia Town. The hilly ground was easy to defend and hard to attack. The river was only 500 meters wide. The Chinese army set up a strong defense here with artillery. On the 21st of August, the Japanese army attacked Matou Town, about 10 miles downstream from Tianjia Town, and took it after more than 20 days of struggle. On the 26th, the Japanese army sailed in warships upstream towards the town. There were more barriers in the water, so the Japanese army advanced very slowly. On August 29, another Japanese detachment went to attack Guangji. If they could take this town, they could go on to attack Tainjia from behind. Tianjia Town was about 25 miles northeast of Guangji Town. The attack began on August 30 and lasted until September 6. Between Guangji Town and Tianjia Town there was only a narrow road between two small lakes. The Japanese army followed that road on September 15. There were some defensive outposts set along this road. Coming to a roadblock, they used poisonous gas again. Some Chinese soldiers were injured and the Chinese army had to retreat.
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文章时间: 2019-11-20 周三, 下午9:32    标题: 引用回复

The Japanese mariners went to Wuxue, some distance from Tianjia. Wuxue was defended only by a company of Chinese soldiers. In the evening of September 15, the mariners began the offensive. The defensive soldiers fought the invaders alley by alley till only a few soldiers left, and they slipped away. But before they left, they destroyed the dike at the river bank and the water flooded Wuxue area, which hindered the advance of the mariners.
A Japanese brigade that was surrounded by the Chinese army was running short of rations and ammunition. A Japanese commander learned about this and called for an air lift to re-supply them. So Japanese airplanes dropped the necessities and ammunition to the brigade. But as the fighting continued, their ammunition was soon used up. The Japanese soldiers were reduced to throwing stones at the Chinese attackers and sometimes threw back the grenades the Chinese soldiers cast at them. The Chinese army figured out that the enemy was in a tight spot and marched forth in a downpour of rain to wipe them out. However, more Japanese troops came to the rescue and assailed the Chinese army from behind, so they had to withdraw. Few men in the Japanese brigade were left alive.
On September 23, some of the wounded Japanese soldiers were shipped away, but the first field hospital was still full. Because of the lack of helping hands, those who were lightly wounded and who could still walk, went to the field hospital by themselves. Sometimes they had to crawl in the rain and in the mud. By the time they reached the hospital, they were almost dying. Some died on the way owing to the loss of blood. The hospital had little food to spare and could only give them what they had. War is cruel to all participants.
After the sunset on the 26th, the 4th Japanese battalion attacked Xinwo. Their soldiers all put on gas masks and cleared out the Chinese company there, except about ten of them who had already escaped. The Japanese soldiers then went in and used bayonets to kill any Chinese soldiers that had not died yet.
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文章时间: 2019-11-22 周五, 下午10:00    标题: 引用回复

The 4th battalion went towards Lujia Mountain without leaving any soldiers to guard Xinwo. It was dark and the mountain contours were complicated. The 4th battalion lost its way in the mountains. The 339th Chinese regiment was taking shelter on this mountain. But after a few battles, only one battalion was left. As Xinwo was lost, the regiment commander chose some hundred soldiers to form an expendable squad to make one last try at Xinwo. When they reached there, they found no Japanese soldiers guarding the place. But by coincidence the 2nd Japanese battalion came into their firing zone. The Japanese troops thought that their 4th battalion had already wiped out by the Chinese soldiers defending the city, but now they encountered the Chinese squad by surprise. So 61 soldiers of the 2nd Japanese battalion were killed and 17 escaped. At daybreak, the 4th battalion found that they were at the foot of Lujia Mountain and they climbed up to attack the Chinese soldiers on the top, who were just ready for breakfast. When they detected Japanese soldiers creeping up the mountainside, they disappeared.
In the early morning of September 28, the cannons from the warships on the river and from land poured heavy fire upon Tianjia and all the defensive structures and weaponry were destroyed. It looked like a sea of flames. At the same time, all the outer defensive spots were lost. The Chinese army in Tianjia was ordered to withdraw. At 10 o’clock on September 29, when the Japanese army entered the town, the Chinese defenders were nowhere to be seen.
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文章时间: 2019-11-24 周日, 下午9:04    标题: 引用回复

At the same time, the 106th Japanese military bloc had been marching south along Nanxun railroad to Nanchang. On the August 20, this bloc, aided by the 101th Japanese bloc, broke through the Chinese defensive line at Xingzi. But the Chinese army had a second defensive line. The two Japanese blocs could not go further this time. In September 1938, a Japanese reconnaissance airplane found that there was a gap in the defensive line after the fight had been going on for a month. So the 106th Japanese bloc was sent to go stealthily through that gap and come upon the Chinese defensive army to attack them from behind. On September 25, the 106th bloc began to steal through the gap, but lost their way in the mountains. They were soon discovered and surrounded by Chinese soldiers. On October 7, the Chinese army attacked and the fight went on for three days. The bloc had no reinforcements and ran out of ammunition. On September 10, 3,000 Japanese soldiers died. The rest escaped.
On the August 27, the 2nd Japanese army attacked Dabie Mountain area and took LiuAn and Huoshan. They split into two detachments. The first went through the Dabie Mountain area to approach Wuhan directly. The second detachment went to Lushan through a circuitous route to Wuhan. But Mt. Fujin was right on their way to Wuhan. They had to occupy Mt. Fujin first. A severe battle commenced. They failed to take the mountain by September 6. On September 11, the 16th Japanese bloc came for reinforcement. The Chinese defensive army in the mountains had to withdraw. As the Japanese army approached Wuhan, there was no more Chinese army seen. The Chinese army already retreated from Wuhan, leaving the city to the Japanese army.
Although the Japanese army took control of many cities and towns, they really did not annihilate the Chinese army, which still had enough strength to fight back when needed. On the contrary, the Japanese army suffered great losses and had no more strength to wage battles on a large scale. As China is such a huge country, even with all the Japanese armies thrown into the territory of China, they could not cover the whole area of the nation. Besides, when they took a city, they took on an additional burden. As they acquired more and more burdens, they had less and less strength to fight. That has to be factored into any military strategy.
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文章时间: 2019-11-25 周一, 下午9:32    标题: 引用回复

The Japanese army takes Canton in the south

The top brass of the Japanese army had a meeting on September 7 and decided to overrun southern China as they had already occupied the northern and middle China. Their final goal was to occupy the whole of China and then occupy all the countries in East Asia to establish what they called Great East Asia Coprosperity Sphere.
However, historians question why they attacked Pearl Harbor, since Hawaii was not in East Asia. This ill-advised action, or ill-advised stratagem, made them pay heavily when America declared war against them. of course, even if they hadn’t attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States would finally have joined the war in East Asia after Germany was conquered, because Japan was one of the axis countries, just as the Soviet Union entered northeastern China to fight the Japanese army.
Anyway, Chiang Kai-shek misjudged the situation, thinking that since Japan was still fighting in the Yangtze River area, they could not go south to Canton. So he maneuvered four divisions from the Canton area to support those battling in Wuhan. In other words, he weakened the defensive forces in Canton. But Canton was a harbor city, an outlet to the sea, a place of strategic importance.
On October 12, 1938, the Japanese 18th and 104th blocs set out for Canton by sea and air from the Pescadores Islands (located between the mainland and Taiwan, which was known at the time by the name Formosa, given by the Portuguese) with the aid of four aircraft carriers. They entered Daya Bay in the Guangdong province. The next day, they dropped bombs on Huiyang Town and after three days, they took it. On October 19, they suddenly attacked Zengcheng and put the Chinese defenders to rout. On October 21, the Chinese army withdrew from Canton and the Japanese army took it. Another burden. On October 22, 110 Japanese airplanes and the 5th fleet pounced upon Humen, a very important strategic spot. Within ten days, they occupied Canton and Human.
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文章时间: 2019-11-27 周三, 下午10:07    标题: 引用回复

The Japanese army attacks Changsha City three times

Although the Japanese army occupied Nanking and Wuhan, two big, important cities, there were other important cities in between that had not taken yet. Changsha was one of them. On the 14th of September, 1939, they gathered 100,000 soldiers and marched towards Changsha. But they had to fight through one Chinese defensive line after another.
The 101th Japanese bloc attacked GaoAn on September 18. On the 19th, the Chinese gave up the town after a severe fight and receded to Shiguling. Then, the Chinese 32nd army counterattacked in GaoAn on September 21. On September 22, the Chinese army took back GaoAn. The Japanese 106th bloc took Ganfang on September 24. The next day, the Chinese counterattacked in Ganfang. On the 6th of October, two Chinese blocs surrounded the Japanese army, who fled back to where they had come from. The Chinese army chased them and took back a few towns that had been captured by the Japanese army. On October 13, Chinese army stopped its pursuit. Thus ended the Changhsha battle for the first time, and the people there had a moment to recover.
In early September of 1941, Japan gathered 120,000 men, with artillery and air support, and marched on Changhai once more. On September 7, the Japanese 6th bloc attacked Dayun Mountain as a decoy to screen the gathering of their 3rd, 4th, and 40th blocs on the right bank of the Xinqiang River. The 4th Chinese army gave up the front line on the mountain. On September 10, the Chinese 58th army came as reinforcements and took back the mountain position. At the daybreak on September 18, the Japanese 3rd, 6th, and 40th blocs crossed the Xinqiang River and the next day they reached the north bank of the Miluo River. The Chinese 37th and 99th armies were stationed on the south bank of the river and they prevented the Japanese army from crossing. Meantime, the Chinese 20th, 58th , and 4th armies went to attack the wing side of the Japanese army. But a telegram from headquarters to the armies at the front was intercepted and deciphered by the Japanese, who changed their original plan and went to assail the Chinese army coming from their wing side. On September 24, the Japanese army crossed the Miluo River. On the 26th, the Japanese 4th bloc crossed Laodao river and the next day crossed Liuyang River and approached Changsha. On the afternoon of September 27, they entered the city from the southeast side and shortly occupied the whole city.
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文章时间: 2019-11-29 周五, 下午10:15    标题: 引用回复

But Chinese armies came from all sides and surrounded the city. The Japanese supply lines were cut and provisions inside the city ran short. On October 1, they had to escape north. So the Chinese army pursued them. On October 5, they caught up with the runaways on the south side of the Miluo River and fought there. The Japanese army had to cross the river to the north side. On October 6, the Chinese army crossed the river, too, keeping up the chase, and they crossed the Xinqiang River on October 8. On October 11, the Chinese army restored all the positions taken by the foe. The second battle for Changsha was over.
After the 7th of December, 1941, when Japan made their semi-secret bombardment of Pearl Harbor, Japan was scheming to attack the Chinese army in Changsha area again lest they should go south to assist the Britain in the defense of Hong Kong.
On December 23, the Japanese army crossed the Xinqiang River once again to pounce upon the Chinese army in Changsha, who put up a firm resistance. Other Chinese armies around the area came to surround the Japanese army, who gradually ran low on ammunition and their supply line was cut off. On January 15, 1942, the Japanese army had to break through the encirclement and escape. They lost 50,000 soldiers.
The victory in these battles made a deep international impression just when the situation appeared unfavorable to the Allies in East Asia. On January 1, 1942, twenty-six nations held an assembly in Washington D.C., and made a joint declaration. The United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China, the four greatest powers in the world, signed the declaration. And Xue Yue, the commander of the Chinese army in the Changsha defensive war, was conferred a Medal of Honor by American government.
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文章时间: 2019-12-01 周日, 下午9:39    标题: 引用回复

The battles in Nanning City

On the 1st of September, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. World War II broke out in Europe. Japan thought that it would be best to speed up the process of conquering China. Considering that China got all its supplies from international support through its southwestern border, Japan understood it had to cut off this supply line and China would soon surrender. Japan sent army and navy forces to occupy Nanning City in Guangxi province and took control of the railroads there. And the Chinese defensive forces were not so strong there as around Changsha.
On the 9th of November, 1939, the Japanese attackers gathered at Shanya Bay, ready for action. On the 13th, a Japanese fleet started out from Shanya Bay and arrived at Beihai on the 14th. As the Chinese army there was not ready to fight, Beihai soon fell to Japan. On November 17, the Japanese army took Qinzhou and continued north. Guided by bandits through the mountains in that area, the Japanese army accelerated its advance. On November 22, they reached the south bank of the Yong River in the vicinity of Nanning City. But at the time, Chinese armies had already arrived in the city and its outskirts.
On November 23, the Japanese army crossed the Yong River with air cover. At dawn on November 24, the attack on the city began. The Japanese army saw strong resistance, but took the city at last in the afternoon. The Chinese army retreated to Gaofeng Pass. On November 26, the Japanese army attacked the pass, and they captured it by December 1. Three days later they had Kunlun Pass as well. Then, both sides held their respective positions for a while. No fighting went on.
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文章时间: 2019-12-02 周一, 下午10:01    标题: 引用回复

On December 7, the Chinese army began to attack the invaders. On December 16, the Chinese army surrounded Kunlun Pass. The newly organized Chinese 22nd division went round the pass from its right side to block Japanese reinforcements from Nanning. Two regiments went round from its left side to block the Japanese army’s escape route. At daybreak on December 18, the Chinese army commenced the assault and took Kunlun Pass. At the noon the next day, the Japanese army came back and took the Pass again. It changed hands several times. On December 18th, the Chinese 170th division attacked the Gaofeng Pass defended by the Japanese army and took a hilltop nearby, but that same night, the Japanese army gave a surprise attack and occupied the hilltop again. On December 20, the Japanese army at Kunlun Pass could not hold out anymore. And the reinforcements were blocked. In the afternoon of December 26, both Japanese forces escaped and safely arrived in Nanning.
At night on December 28, the Chinese army attacked Jieshou Highland, the gate to the Kunlun Pass. The following morning, the Chinese army took the highlands, and on the 30th of December, the Chinese army took Kunlun Pass. On December 31, they wiped out all enemies in the area of Kunlun Pass. If the Chinese army could have advanced in the pursuit of their enemies at the time, the situation might have been different.
On January 1, 1940, Japan sent reinforcements, and the warfare continued. On the 7th, Chiang Kai-shek flew to Huilin City and on January 10, went to the headquarters at Qian River to hold a meeting with all the frontier commanders. At that time, Japan had not gathered all the forces it needed. So at the request of some of the commanders, Chiang decided to launch an attack, but next day, when he returned to Liuzhou, he changed his mind and missed the chance to annihilate the remaining foe in that area, which proved that Chiang was not a good military leader.
On January 14, 3,000 Japanese soldiers landed in Qinzhou, and two days later, they began to assail the Chinese army. On the 27th, the Japanese army resumed their assault. The Chinese commanders did not have enough information about the maneuvers of the Japanese army and made a terrible mistake. They did not have enough time to make proper arrangements.
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文章时间: 2019-12-04 周三, 下午9:56    标题: 引用回复

On February 1, the Japanese army made their all-out attack. But Chiang changed the commander-in-chief at the front, which really runs counter to the fundamental rules of the art of war. In the afternoon on February 2, the Japanese army entered Binyang Town. On February 3, they took Kunlun Pass and other spots. The Battles for Nanning City ended in failure for the Chinese.
It was actually Chiang Kai-shek’s fault, as he often changed orders, confusing his subordinates. Chiang Kai-shek was not really a good commander himself, though he had graduated from a famous military academy in Japan. He should have been able to beat Mao, who had no such advantage but only learned his tactics from Chinese history books. This leads to the inevitable conclusion that Mao was more intelligent than Chiang Kai-shek. Every Chinese person knows that Chiang Kai-shek’s rulership was bad, but many found that the rule of the Communist Party under Mao was worse. Part of this is due to personal characteristics of the leaders, part of it is due to the fact that under Mao China remained on a more-or-less war footing under constant menace from the West, and some of it depends on the position of the people talking. Obviously, when the Communists started expropriating private property, those who had something to lose were never going to forgive them. Some historians said that if Chiang could have beaten Mao, the Chinese people wouldn’t have suffered so much during all the cruel political movements under Mao, some of which were quite poorly thought-out and highly destructive. Even so, no one can claim that the regime in Taiwan, after Chiang Kai-shek’s eventual defeat, was either democratic or open.
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文章时间: 2019-12-06 周五, 下午9:45    标题: 引用回复

The battles of 100 regiments of the Communist Party

In the Anti-Japanese War, most battles were waged between the Japanese army and the army of the national government. The Communist Party, though having their own army, did their best to shun any major fights with Japan so that they would still have enough forces to fight Chiang Kai-shek after the Anti-Japanese War; this way, they could seize power and rule China.
That was why Mao Zedong thanked the first Japanese delegation when they came to China for saving the Communist Party, and himself too, from the destruction Chiang might have inflicted on them, if Japan hadn’t invaded China. Mao graciously gave up the right to war indemnities from Japan, regardless of the demands of the Chinese people for some compensation for their extraordinary losses.
Anyway, at that time, Japan also wanted to occupy the territory the Communist Party possessed. So warfare did break out at last between the Japanese army and the army of the Communist Party, from the 20th of August to the 10th of September, 1940, in the first stage. The Japanese army was 300,000 strong, while the Communist Party had gathered 105 regiments. They called this the “100 regiments battles.” Their commander-in-chief was Peng Dehuai. At that time, the Red Army changed their name to the 8th Route army, included in the military system of the national government. Their aim was to damage the railroads so that the Japanese army could not get supplies by train. They attacked Zhengtai railway, Tongpu railway, Pinghan railway, and Jinpu railway, especially Zhengtai railway, the main route for the traffic of the Japanese army. Japan in the northern China didn’t have so many soldiers to guard every inch of the rails and as a result, all the four railways did not function any more after the attacks.
From the 22nd of September to the 10th of October, for the second stage, the 8th Route Army attacked some important strategic spots controlled by Japan. At 8:00PM that day, the 8th Route Army began to attack the Lailing area and took some Japanese front fortresses round Laiyuan Town, but they could not break through the defense of the town itself because they did not have effective weapons for that kind of attack. On September 23, they stopped besieging the town and changed their stratagem to first seize the defensive spots outside the town.
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文章时间: 2019-12-08 周日, 下午9:26    标题: 引用回复

On September 25, they turned to attack the stronghold at Dongyuan. The Japanese army inside gave a robust resistance, even using poison gas. However, they were forced to withdraw to the central redout, which the 8th Route Army then surrounded. As the Japanese soldiers knew that they could never escape, they committed suicide by self immolating.
On September 28, 3,000 Japanese soldiers came as reinforcements. That changed the situation and it was no longer possible to attack the town and so the Chinese forces withdrew. On October 1, the Japanese army took back most of the places that the 8th Route Army had occupied. On October 7, the Japanese army at Lingqiu got some intelligence indicating that the 8th Route Army was planning to attack their position, and so the Japanese just headed out to meet the right wing detachment of the 8th Route Army and give them a trouncing. From the night of October 8 to dawn, the left wing detachment of the 8th Route Army took their chances now that the Japanese army had left their position; they took it over as well as other positions in the vicinity. But on October 10, the 8th Route Army learned that the Japanese army had gathered together and would clean out the area where the 8th Route Army was in place, so they withdrew from the combat. Thus ended another 18 days of warfare.
In this period, the 8th Route Army had suffered heavy casualties, more than the Japanese army had lost. After the combat, Mao Zedong criticized Peng Dehuai for losing so many soldiers. Mao’s intention was to keep his losses as low as possible so that he could fight Chiang Kai-shek after the Anti-Japanese War.
But during the Japanese army’s clean-up operation, the 8th Route Army always retreated to elude any fight with the Japanese army. They called this the mobile warfare strategy. So the Japanese army just vented their disappointment and wrath on the common Chinese people who had supported the 8th Route Army. Records show that on the 25th of January, 1941, when the Japanese army ran a clean-up operation without finding any 8th Route Army soldiers in the northern Hebei province, they just encircled a village called Panjiayu in the area of Fengrun Town and slaughtered 1,237 villagers and burned 1,000 houses there. The 8th Route Army had already escaped, deserting the villagers.
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文章时间: 2019-12-09 周一, 下午10:08    标题: 引用回复

The campaigns in northern Burma and western Yunnan province

In 1942, a detachment of the Chinese national government army went to Burma through Yunnan province to help fight the Japanese army, who had entered Burma through Thailand on the 4th of January, 1942, and occupied Rangoon (Yongon) on the 8th of March. Japan’s goal was first to cut off the supply line to China from western countries, and second to enter India in the future. The British army was in Burma at that time and fought the Japanese army. The Chinese detachment went to Burma to assist the British army and secure the supply lines.
The Chinese detachment went into Burma in 1942, but at first was defeated by the Japanese army. A section of it escaped to India and was trained there by US advisors, and the other section returned to the western Yunnan province. Both sections would attack the Japanese army in Burma when they were ready.
On October 24, 1943, the 112th regiment of the new 38th division began to attack the Japanese army and on October 29, took Shinbwinyang and entered Hukawng Valley. When the Japanese army there found the regiment, they surrounded it. In resistance, the regiment lived on Japanese bananas and on food delivered by air drops. The Japanese army could not break through their defense. On November 24, the new 38th division came to assist and on November 29, they took the position of the Japanese army, who lost round 1,000 soldiers.
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文章时间: 2019-12-11 周三, 下午9:23    标题: 引用回复

The campaign continued in January 1944, when the Japanese army receded into the valley and made their defensive line at Dalou and Tabajia. The Chinese new 38th division came to attack Tabajia, and the new 22nd division came to attack Dalou. At dawn on January 28, the American air force came to bombard the Japanese position at Dalou and the tanks of the new 22nd division ran through the Japanese defensive line. The new 22nd division took all the fortresses outside Dalou. On January 31,, Chinese tanks entered Dalou and crushed the Japanese headquarters. On that day, the new 38th division attacked Tabajia. The American air force raided the Japanese army there, who had to retreat. On the 1st of February, the new 38th division occupied Tabajia.
The Japanese army retreated to Mengguan and Walupan, 8 miles apart. They wanted to induce the Chinese army to attack Walupan so that another section of their army could attack from the back. The new 22nd division assaulted Mengguan with artillery and tanks. The new 38th division stationed at the left rear to protect its back. The Japanese section came to attack the new 22th division from behind, but was blocked by the new 38th division. As the new 22nd division attacked for a week and could not secure the place, the new 38th division sent its 113th regiment to attack Walupan to distract the attention of the Japanese army. On March 1, the American 5307 corps reached them and launched their onslaught. So the 22nd division broke through the Japanese defensive line. On the 4th of March, the new 22nd division took Mengguan. Now the Japanese army was surrounded in the narrow strip of Walupan. At noon of the 8th of March, the Chinese army and the American corps jointly attacked Walupan and took it on the 9th of March. Thus ended the campaign in this area.
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文章时间: 2019-12-13 周五, 下午9:49    标题: 引用回复

The campaigns in the western Hunan province

After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the US air force helped China to fight Japan. Towards the termination of the Sino–Japanese War, the Americans got the upper hand over the Japanese air force. American bombers raided important Japanese military bases, including airports. More than once, the American fighter planes engaged Japanese fighter planes in the air and gained victory. There was an airport for US airplanes at the Zhijiang in the western Hunan province. The goal of Japan at the start of this campaign in 1945 was to capture the airport. It was the last major battle in the Sino–Japanese War.
On April 9, 1945, the Japanese 47th military bloc and the 116th bloc started their onslaught at Lantian. The commander of the Chinese defensive 73rd army in that area estimated that the Japanese army had not finished pulling together its forces. And so he gave orders to launch a surprise attack. The Japanese 47th bloc suffered the blow, and later when it was ready, the 47th bloc began to cross the Zi River on April 14. The Chinese commander let the Japanese cross the river, but as most of the Japanese army was reaching the bank of this side of the river, the Chinese army struck them with artillery while American airplanes attacked those Japanese soldiers still on the boat. Many boats were sunken. The Japanese army had a heavy loss.
On April 28, the Japanese 116th bloc was surrounded by the Chinese army and signaled to the 47th bloc for rescue. When the 47th bloc arrived, they could not break the Chinese 73th army’s defense. On the 30th day, the Chinese army fought back and defeated the enemy, aided by air raids. The Japanese army had to retreat back to where they had come from. The battle ended in this district, but the warfare still continued in other districts.
On the 12th of April, the Japanese 34th bloc had attacked Xinning. A Chinese battalion under the 58th division of the 74th Army fought them for three days. Then as the Japanese reinforcements came, the battalion had to withdraw from Xinning, which was taken by the Japanese army. On April 21, 4,000 Japanese soldiers marched towards Meikou. On April 23, they began to cross the Wushui River. The Chinese 44th division waited there patiently till the first 200 Japanese soldiers set foot on the bank. Then they fell on them fiercely and slew them all. The Japanese kept on crossing, but had to stop under heavy cannon fire. On April 27, they turned to attack Wuyang, and after two days’ fighting, they took half of Wuyang. On April 29, the Chinese 44th division came and the Japanese army had to give up the attack and turn back to fight the 44th division, who soon put the Japanese army to rout.
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文章时间: 2019-12-15 周日, 下午10:02    标题: 引用回复

On April 27, another Japanese detachment attacked Wugan, which was an old town. The walls were very strong, because the bricks were stuck together using sticky rice cooked in water, which became glue. Many ancient tombs were also built this way to prevent them from being dug through. So when the Japanese cannon balls exploded and hit the walls, the shards did little damage to the walls. On May 1, the Japanese formed suicide squads, but the soldiers, who had not reached the wall yet, were killed by gunfire from the battlements. At last, some soldiers got to the wall and blew a hole in it with dynamite. However, the Chinese people, who helped their soldiers in the defense of the town, heaved bags filled with sand down on the spot and the hole was blocked by the sand bags. Then the Japanese army used long wooden siege ladders. But the Chinese army used flame throwers, provided to them by the United States, to burn the ladders. For seven days the Chinese soldiers, aided by civilians, kept the small ancient town safe and sound. The Japanese army was defeated by the Chinese reinforcements.
Other battles also took place in other districts in the western Hunan province. The whole campaign ended on June 2 with the failure of the Japanese army.
Failure or victory in war mostly depends on two factors: how strong are the forces and how wise are the strategies used. But oftentimes, using a very wise ruse, the weaker side can defeat the stronger and the few fighters can defeat greater forces.
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