Aust Winner 澳洲长风论坛

[jeffiwu]

关于烹调的一些term，原来菜还有这么多种做法。

Bake - To cook in an oven.
Barbecue - To cook on a grill over a charcoal or seasoned wood fire usually with a tomato based sauce. Customarily outside.
Beat - Combine vigorously with the intent to force air into the mixture.
Blanch - Cook or dip quickly into very hot water to remove external material.
Blend - Mix together gently until the consistency is the same throughout.
Boil - Cook in hot water.
Braise - Cook over an open flame with the flame touching the food.
Bread - To dip or roll food in a liquid and then breadcrumbs until covered.
Brew - Verb used to describe the process of making a potable flavored mixture. (tea, beer)
Broil - To cook with the heat source above the food.
Brown- Cook only until there is a light brown color.
Chop - Cut into small pieces.
Combine - Mix together. (Usually used with dry ingredients)
Cube or dice - Cut into small squares.
Cut in - Mix together gently with the edge of the mixing tool.
Deep-fry - With enough oil to cover the food.
Fold in - Mix together gently with the flat of the mixing tool.
Form - Mold into a certain shape.
Fry - Cook in hot oil.
Grate - To use a grater to shred food. (Usually vegetables or cheese)
Knead - Work dough with the hands, constantly folding.
Marinade - The liquid used to marinate. Q.v.
Marinate - Soak (especially meat) in a spiced liquid. Usually but not always overnight.
Mince - Chop into small pieces. Smaller than cubed. Q.v.
Pan fry - With just enough oil to keep the food from sticking.
Pare - To remove the peel.
Pureé - Reduce to a watery consistency.
Roast - Cook in a covered pot either on the stove or in the oven.
Sauté - Cook in a small amount of oil until browned.
Scald - To pour hot water over something or dip it in the water.
Sear - To drop food (usually meat) in a very hot pan to seal in juices.
Separate (eggs) - Remove the egg yolk from the albumen.
Simmer - Cook over a low flame.
Steep - To let sit in hot water. (For example tea)
Stew - A very thick soup with a flour base.
Toast - Lightly brown.
Toss - To gently mix a salad.
Whip - Beat rapidly to force air into a mixture.
Whip up (something) - Informal term for preparing a quick meal.

Some Breakfast Dishes 早餐食谱
　　Breakfast in a restaurant is a very enjoyable experience. If you order eggs in a restaurant, the waiter/waitress will ask you how you want them . You can reply that you want them “scrambled(炒)” or “boiled”. It is not sufficient, however, to ask for them “fried”; you will have to specify whether you would prefer them “sunny-side-up” (煎一面), “over”(两面煎), “over-easy/easy-over”(两面煎，但蛋黄仍然呈流体状).
　　American sausage(香肠) comes in slices and is quite spicy. But you can also have link sausage.
　　American bacon comes in small strips, can be rather fat, and is served crispy. It is usually very tasty, and you can eat it with your fingers.
　　“Hash brows”(油炸土豆片) are shredded(切成碎片的) and fried potatoes. They are wonderful, especially with fried eggs and ketchup(蕃茄酱).
　　“Pancakes”, sometimes called“hot cakes”, are made with baking power. They are normally served in a pile, and you are supposed to put butter and syrup(果浆) on them.
“Jelly”(果子冻) is jam and includes grape jelly, which is very tasty.
Toast is often served already buttered.
　　“English muffins(松饼)” are like small crumpets(烤饼) without the holes and are served toasted. You put jam on them.
　　A “biscuit”(软饼) is a snall, scone-like bread roll, often served hot.
　　Orange juice and coffee are often serced with breakfast.

Eating Custom and Practice 用餐习惯
　　American eating is funny. They eat almost everything with a fork, and it appears that holding a knife in one’s right hand longer than a few seconds is considered to be against good table manners.
　　The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife, people take the fork in their left hand, and cut off a piece of meat or whatever it is in the normal manner. Then they put the knife down, transfer the fork to their right hand, and only then do they transport the food to their mouth. This is clearly ludicrous(滑稽可笑), but it is considered good manners.
　　There are several results of this system. First, if it is not absolutely necessary to use a knife, Americans don’t use one, because obviously this greatly complicates(使复杂化) things, and you will therefore see them trying to cut things like potatoes, fish and even bacon(熏猪肉) with a fork. Second, towards the end of a course, since only one implement(器具) is being used, food has to bo chased around the plate with the fork — and for the last mouthful the thumb has to be used to keep the food in place, although one is not supposed to do this.
　　Third, tables are generally laid with one knife and two forks, the outside fork being for the salad. There is no need for foreign visitors to follow the American system and try to eat the salad with only a fork, but if you do use your knife, remerber to save it for the meat course. Even desserts(甜食) (except ice cream) are eaten with a fork if at all possible, and the spoon you see by your dessert is meant to be for coffee (but if you use it for your dessert no one will say anything).


美式的食物作法都很简单, 而且口味也不错, 唯一的缺点就是通常热量高了点, 不然为什么美国的胖子那么多, 还不是都是吃出来的. 这次我们仿照上菜的顺序, 先来介绍一下美国菜中的附餐, 也就是老美口中所说的 side dish. 通常你去像是肯德基这种快餐店点套餐或是去餐厅点牛排都会让你选 side dish.
马铃薯类
1. Fries 薯条.
只要去过麦当劳的人都知道薯条是什么东西吧? 薯条的全名应该是 French fries, 但一般你说 fries 大家就知道了. 另外有些人比较偏好粗一点的薯条, 像是肯德鸡的薯条就比麦当劳的粗很多, 所以它们有另外一个名字叫 potato wedge 或是 wedge potato 但如果你记不了这么多, 只要说 fries 人家还是听得懂啦!
2. Mashed potatoes 马铃薯泥.
Mashed potatoes 说穿了就是熟马铃薯泥, 可加牛奶/Heavy Cream 一起打, 还有奶油和盐﹔讲究的会再磨蒜泥﹐加蒜粉﹐黑胡椒等﹐味道更香。这道菜在美国一般家庭或餐厅都相当常见, 只要你去美式餐厅或美国家庭作客, 就几乎肯定可以吃到 mashed potatoes. 另外如果懒得把马铃薯打成泥状的话, 超市也有卖一种粉状的懒人食品 instant potatoes, 把它加水加牛奶搅一搅加热后就可以吃了.
老美在吃 mashed potatoes 时还喜欢在上面淋一层褐色的卤汁 gravy. Gravy 多半是由烤牛/烤鸡的dripping精华, 再加独门调味, 勾芡而成. 由于 potatoes 吃起来味道都差不多, 但 gravy 可是有独门的秘方, 所以这个 gravy 也就决定了 mashed potato 味道的好坏.
3. Baked potatoes 烤马铃薯
马铃薯另一种常见的作法则是把整颗马铃薯下去烤, 烤好了之后上面再涂一些有的没的例如像是 sour cream (酸奶) chives (一种美国韭菜), cheddar cheese (起司), bacon bits, (培根粒), chopped broccoli (花菜粒), butter (奶油) 或是 olives (橄榄). 通常你去好一点的餐厅点 bake potatoes 它们都会问你上面要加什么, 如果你不喜欢那些有的没的, 就跟他说, "I want it plain." 就好啦!
注1: 有些人来到美国一看 sweet potatoes 就很高兴地以为这是一种新品种的超甜马铃薯, 其实不要被骗了, sweet potatoes 己经陪我们的老祖宗走过好几千年啦! 他的中文名称就叫甘薯.
蔬菜类
1. Baked bean 甜豆.
这种吃起来甜甜的豆子老美非常地喜爱, 所以才会到处可见. 做法很简单是把一种甜甜的豆子煮的烂烂, 看起来有点像调味料一样. 有一次去餐厅吃饭, 一位老兄点了 baked bean 当 side dish, 结果他大概因为没看过 baked bean, 以为这是牛排酱还是什么佐料, 结果居然拿牛排去沾 baked bean…
2. Green bean 四季豆
四季豆不论在中外都很常见, 唯一不同的是美式的煮法是用水煮到烂, 不像是中式料理喜欢用大火快炒, 因为老美喜欢蔬菜吃起来烂烂的, 不像我们老中喜欢吃脆脆的口感. 所以像喜欢吃四季豆的人来美国之后都没吃过几次 Green bean, 因为烂烂的四季豆实在是不怎么样.
3. Cole slaw 高丽菜色拉.
Cole slaw 是一个法文, cole 是法文里高丽菜的意思, 而 slaw 则是色拉的意思. 所以 cole slaw 就是一种高丽菜色拉, 它把高丽菜和红萝卜切成细细的, 扮上一种由 Sour cream, Mayo, 芹菜籽, 糖跟醋所作成的白色的酱汁, 这种酱汁加上生高丽菜Green cabbage的「生猛」, 使得Cole Slaw有股特别的酸甜呛味。有时老美也不单吃 cole slaw, 他们会把面包夹热狗再夹 cole slaw, 就变成了好吃的热狗三明治.
4. Creme corn 奶油玉米
老美的作法是把煮熟的甜玉米跟奶油状的液体 (creme) 搅拌均匀就大功告成了, 这道菜是老美招待客人时偷懒最好的伴侣. 懒人餐中可以跟 creme corn 相提并论的是水煮豌豆 (pea), 只要买一罐豌豆罐头回来加热一下就可以上桌了!
老美的早餐也很简单, 如果不是一杯牛奶加上一些喜瑞儿 (Cereals), 就是一杯热咖啡再加上一些 Waffle, Bagel 之类的食物, 一餐就这样解决了.
1. Scrambled eggs
炒蛋
这个没什么学问, 跟中式炒蛋一样, 把蛋打一打炒一炒就好了, 但是份量惊人, 很多人第一次吃 Scrambled eggs, 就是四个蛋作成的, 怪不得老美胖子特多. 另外老美的 Scrambled eggs 跟中式炒蛋不同之处在于, 通常他们不放盐或是葱花等调味料, 而是放一片 Cheese 去调味, 所以吃起来味道不太一样. 不过有些人不喜欢炒蛋, 而比较喜欢荷包蛋. 到餐厅点荷包蛋的讲法是 sunny side up, 因为荷包蛋看起来是不是很样一个小学生画的太阳?
2. Omelette (Omelet)
煎蛋卷
如果早餐喜欢吃蛋饼的人, 不妨试试老美的蛋饼 Omelette, 它的作法是把一层煎蛋卷起来, 里面包火腿, 培根或是洋葱, 青椒, 洋菇甚至是牛排等料, 还算不错, 在像是 Waffle House 或 IHOP 这样的快餐连锁店都可以吃到这种道地的美国食物.
3. Hash browns
薯饼
这个 hash browns 是麦当劳的超值早餐常见的一道菜色, 作法是把马铃薯削成丝状, 再下去油炸, 通常是碎碎的, 但是像麦当劳的 Hash brown 却是饼状的, 所以这应该叫作 Hash brown patty (薯饼) 才对. 另外麦当劳早餐的另一样主打菜是 biscuits, 中文翻成比士吉, 这是一种小圆面包, 老美的吃法习惯在中间包蛋, 起司或是香肠 (sausage) 像这两样早餐想必在中国的麦当劳也同样常见.
4. Brownie
布朗尼
Brownie 算是蛋糕的一种, 但它和一般蛋糕的区别在于, Brownie 通常较薄且较结实, 不像蛋糕松松的, 而且一定是巧克力口味, 上面还会放杏仁或花生作装饰及调味. 通常很甜. 拿来当早餐吃相当不错.
5. Pancake
烤薄饼
它的原料是面粉和蛋, 下去用油煎成约手掌大小的薄饼, 但还有一种尺寸比较小的, 叫 silver dollar pancake, 较厚些. 通常吃的时候会再淋上糖浆 (syrup)-- Syrup 最早是从一种特殊的枫树而来, 在美国你还可以买下一整棵枫树, 然后主人每年会把这棵树收成的 syrup 寄给你. 但是天然的 syrup 很贵, 现在一般吃的多半为便宜的 corn syrup 或是加工过的产品, 有人嫌店里提供的syrup不好﹐会自己提罐maple syrup进店里配着吃, 比如电视影集 Seinfield里面就是如此, 除了 syrup 之外, pancake 还可以配糖蜜 molasses)﹐更有人配 jams, preserves, fruit spreads等等. 全视各人喜好而定.
美国卖 Pancake 的连锁店叫 IHOP: International House of Pancake, 去这里吃东西, 不管你点什么, 他们都会送你一份 Pancake.
6. Waffle
蜂蜜松饼 (福华饼)
它的味道跟 Pancake 味道差不多, 但 Waffle 比较大, 而且上面是一格一格的, 吃的时候也是要配奶油或是 Syrup. 再切成一小块一小块吃. 在美国也有在卖冷冻的 Waffle, 早上起来把它放到烤箱里烤个 7-8 分钟就可以吃了, 是简单又实惠的早餐之一.
7. Cheesecake
起司蛋糕
这种蛋糕很甜, 但它偏偏又很大, 所以二个人点一份就差不多了. 有些人很爱吃, 但个人并不怎么喜爱, 因为它太甜了. 美国有一家很有名的餐厅就叫 The Cheesecake Factory 很有名, 每天都大排长龙, 它的 Cheesecake 当然是最有名, 但是它也兼卖一般的食物, 如 baby-back rib 就很不错, 有机会可尝尝.
8. Donut (Doughnut)
甜甜圈
喜欢吃甜甜圈的人一定要到美国来, 美国的甜甜圈种类既多且繁, 而且美国有一家很有名的 Fast Food 就叫 Dunkin’ Donuts, 算是 Donut 的权威吧. 美国人真的很喜欢 Donut, 他们买都不是以个为单位, 要买都是半打一打的买. 美国很多胖子都是吃 Donut 吃出来的.
9. Bagel
培果
形状跟甜甜圈很像, 都是中间有一个洞洞, 但是质地很硬, 有点类似台湾的光饼, 质地硬有嚼劲﹐因为它的高筋面团先在水里煮过, 再拿去烤箱烘烤. Bagel 的口味有许多种, 如小蓝苺, 巧克力, 起司等, 老美吃 Bagel 时会在上面涂一层 cream cheese. 有些餐厅还再放上一些好料如培根, 牛肉, 鸡肉或是鲑鱼加上一点生菜, 蕃茄, 跟汉堡的作法很类似. 很多留学生发音成 "Bay-Go", 仔细听老美说的话, 有点微微"Bay-Gail"的音, 但可能也有地域性的差别.

[jeffiwu]

Muffin
松饼
这个字的读音像「马粪」虽然不雅, 但是可以帮助记忆. Muffin 是甜的小蛋糕, 像海绵蛋糕但较硬, 大多是杯状的 有时是像圆面包状, 有许多不同口味! 通常是小蓝梅, 蜂蜜, 肉桂或巧克力口味, 有的人只爱吃muffin上端那个圆圆的 "dome"﹐不爱吃底下的杯子部份. 在Seinfield影集里, Elaine就是只爱吃 "muffin stomp", 不吃杯子部份. 甚至起了念头想要开个店, 专卖muffin stomp呢﹗
我们来谈谈一些在餐厅内会用到的句子,
1. Do you like to go out eating?
想不想出去吃呢?
有次我问老美出去吃东西怎么说, 他回答说一般出去吃饭, 他们只说 go to eat , go out eating 或是 eat out 而不会说 go to dinner, go for lunch, 也就是不需特地说中餐或是晚餐. 所以后来老美问你刚去哪了, 你应该要说 I just went out eating, 而不会说 I just went to dinner. 小细节多注意, 你的英文会更棒.
如果要强调是去吃午餐或晚餐的话, 一般就直接说 lunch 或是 dinner. 例如人家问你, "Where did you go?" 你就可以答说 "lunch."
2. There is a Deli over there, do you like it?
那里有一家 Deli